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Lactifluus piperatus
''Lactifluus piperatus'' (synonym ''Lactarius piperatus''), commonly known as the peppery milk-cap, is a semi-edible basidiomycete fungus of the genus ''Lactifluus''. Despite being edible, it is not recommended due to its poor taste, though can be used as seasoning when dried. The fruiting body is a creamy-white mushroom which is funnel-shaped when mature, with exceptionally crowded gills. It bleeds a whitish peppery-tasting milk when cut. Widely distributed across Europe and eastern North America, ''Lactifluus piperatus'' has been accidentally introduced to Australia. Mycorrhizal, it forms a symbiotic relationship with various species of deciduous tree, including beech, and hazel, and fruiting bodies are found on the forest floor in deciduous woodland.
==Systematics and taxonomy==
The species was one of the many species named by Linnaeus who officially described it in Volume Two of his ''Species Plantarum'' in 1753 as ''Agaricus piperatus'',〔 the specific epithet deriving from the Latin adjective ''piperatus'' meaning "peppery".〔 For many years, Tyrolian naturalist Giovanni Antonio Scopoli had been considered the author of the first description, however a recent revision of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature in 1987 changed the rules regarding the starting date and primary work for names of fungi. Previously, the starting date had been set as January 1, 1821, the date of the works of the 'father of mycology', Swedish naturalist Elias Magnus Fries, but now names can be considered valid as far back as May 1, 1753, the date of publication of Linnaeus' seminal work.〔
''Lactifluus piperatus'' was the original type species of the genus ''Lactarius''. However, after the finding that ''Lactarius'' actually represented more than one genus,〔 the species ''Lactarius torminosus'' was conserved as type for that genus.〔〔〔 Thus, ''L. piperatus'' is now the type species of ''Lactifluus'', which was split from ''Lactarius'' and contains mainly tropical milk-caps, but also some species of the north temperate zone.〔 Phylogenetic research showed that ''L. glaucescens'', sometimes considered only a variety of ''L. piperatus'', is a distinct species in Europe.〔 Furthermore, the existence of at least ten lineages worldwide, with no overlap among continents, was shown for the group around ''L. piperatus'', suggesting that populations in North America might actually be distinct species.〔
It is commonly known as the peppery milk cap,〔 pepper milkcap,〔 peppery Lactarius,〔 peppery milk mushroom,〔 white peppery milk-cap, or other similar names. Similarly, in German it is known as the ''Pfeffermilchling'' ("pepper milk cap").〔
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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